{"id":35853,"date":"2015-09-24T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2015-09-24T05:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/france-amerique.com\/il-y-a-migrant-et-migrant-the-migrant-migraine\/"},"modified":"2022-03-03T11:33:48","modified_gmt":"2022-03-03T16:33:48","slug":"il-y-a-migrant-et-migrant-the-migrant-migraine","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/france-amerique.com\/fr\/il-y-a-migrant-et-migrant-the-migrant-migraine\/","title":{"rendered":"Il y a migrant et migrant \/ The migrant migraine"},"content":{"rendered":"
\n

FR – Pourquoi les Blancs \u00e9tablis \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9tranger sont-ils appe\u00adl\u00e9s expatri\u00e9s, alors que les Noirs qui travaillent et vivent en dehors de leur pays sont qualifi\u00e9s d\u2019immigr\u00e9s ? C\u2019est la question que posait il y a quelques semaines un entrepreneur togolais dans une tribune publi\u00e9e sur le site Silicon Africa et reprise par le quotidien britan\u00adnique The Guardian.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Les choses sont claires, pourtant. Un expatri\u00e9, du latin ex (\u00ab hors de \u00bb) et patria (\u00ab patrie), c\u2019est quelqu\u2019un qui a quitt\u00e9 son pays ou qui en a \u00e9t\u00e9 chass\u00e9. D\u2019o\u00f9 vient, alors, la distinction \u00e9voqu\u00e9e ci-dessus. Aurait-elle un lien avec le statut socioprofessionnel des uns et des autres, les expatri\u00e9s \u00e9tant des immigr\u00e9s tr\u00e8s qualifi\u00e9s ? Ne tiendrait-elle pas plu\u00adt\u00f4t \u00e0 quelque pr\u00e9jug\u00e9 tenace ? Sinon, pourquoi les cadres africains de haut niveau qui s\u2019installent en Europe ne sont pas pr\u00e9sent\u00e9s comme des expatri\u00e9s mais comme des immigr\u00e9s ?
Immigr\u00e9, pour autant, n\u2019est pas un gros mot. Dans le droit fran\u00e7ais, il d\u00e9signe une personne n\u00e9e \u00e9trang\u00e8re \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9tran\u00adger et r\u00e9sidant en France. D\u2019o\u00f9 la confusion, fr\u00e9quente, entre immigr\u00e9 et \u00e9tranger. Lorsque l\u2019on na\u00eet en France de parents \u00e9trangers, on peut demeu\u00adrer un \u00e9tranger si on ne sollicite pas la nationalit\u00e9 fran\u00e7aise \u00e0 sa majorit\u00e9, mais on n\u2019est pas un immigr\u00e9. En revanche, si l\u2019on est n\u00e9 \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9tranger et que l\u2019on a obtenu la nationalit\u00e9 fran\u00e7aise, on n\u2019est plus un \u00e9tranger, bien entendu, mais on reste un immigr\u00e9.
C\u2019est dans ce contexte que revient r\u00e9\u00adguli\u00e8rement dans le d\u00e9bat l\u2019expression probl\u00e9matique \u00ab Fran\u00e7ais de souche \u00bb. Utilis\u00e9e lors la colonisation pour distin\u00adguer les Europ\u00e9ens des Nord-Africains, elle a \u00e9t\u00e9 r\u00e9cup\u00e9r\u00e9e par l\u2019extr\u00eame droite pour opposer les \u00ab vrais \u00bb Fran\u00e7ais aux immigr\u00e9s ou descendants d\u2019immigr\u00e9s. On voit bien en quoi cette recons\u00adtruction ethnique imaginaire est une menace pour la coh\u00e9sion de la nation. Ceux qui l\u2019utilisent \u00e0 des fins politi\u00adciennes feignent par ailleurs d\u2019ignorer qu\u2019une tr\u00e8s grande partie des Fran\u00e7ais ont, dans leur arbre g\u00e9n\u00e9alogique, des anc\u00eatres d\u2019origine \u00e9trang\u00e8re.<\/p>\n

Autre notion ambigu\u00eb, celle de citoyennet\u00e9. Tradition\u00adnellement, en France, la qualit\u00e9 de citoyen est li\u00e9e \u00e0 la d\u00e9tention de la nationa\u00adlit\u00e9. Si cette derni\u00e8re est une condition n\u00e9cessaire, elle n\u2019est pas suffisante : il faut aussi jouir de ses droits civils et politiques. Mais le lien entre nationalit\u00e9 et citoyennet\u00e9 tend \u00e0 dispara\u00eetre avec les avanc\u00e9es de la construction euro\u00adp\u00e9enne. Depuis le trait\u00e9 de Maastricht de 1992, les ressortissants d\u2019un \u00c9tat de l\u2019Union r\u00e9sidant dans un autre \u00c9tat peuvent participer aux \u00e9lections locales et europ\u00e9ennes et s\u2019y faire \u00e9lire. Ils ont ainsi l\u2019un des \u00e9l\u00e9ments essentiels de la citoyennet\u00e9, le droit de vote, sans avoir la nationalit\u00e9 du pays dans lequel ils votent.
C\u2019est ainsi que la citoyennet\u00e9 euro\u00adp\u00e9enne devient une r\u00e9alit\u00e9. M\u00eame si, au sein de l\u2019Union, les situations sont contrast\u00e9es. Dans un pays comme la Lettonie, la citoyennet\u00e9 est r\u00e9serv\u00e9e aux personnes qui l\u2019avaient avant 1940 (ain\u00adsi qu\u2019\u00e0 leurs descendants). En sont donc priv\u00e9s Russes, Bi\u00e9lorusses, Ukrainiens arriv\u00e9s pendant la p\u00e9riode sovi\u00e9tique. Ces non citoyens \u2013 la mention figure sur leur passeport \u2013 n\u2019ont pas le droit de vote, et l\u2019acc\u00e8s \u00e0 certains emplois de la fonction publique leur est ferm\u00e9. Mais ils peuvent se rendre sans visa en Russie. Belle consolation\u2026
Isra\u00ebl, pour sa part, encourage l\u2019immi\u00adgration. \u00c0 condition que les migrants soient juifs. Plusieurs dizaines de milliers d\u2019entre eux font ainsi chaque ann\u00e9e leur alya (\u00ab ascension \u00bb, en h\u00e9breu). Les clandestins africains, eux, ne sont pas les bienvenus. Quelque 50 000 Souda\u00adnais et \u00c9rythr\u00e9ens sont parqu\u00e9s par les autorit\u00e9s dans un quartier de Tel Aviv. Faute de relations diplomatiques avec le Soudan, pour les uns, et parce que l\u2019\u00c9rythr\u00e9e est une des pires dictatures au monde, pour les autres, ils ne peuvent pas \u00eatre expuls\u00e9s. Pour d\u00e9signer ces de\u00admandeurs d\u2019asile, un terme revient cou\u00adramment : \u00ab infiltr\u00e9s \u00bb. Le m\u00eame terme que celui utilis\u00e9 pour les Palestiniens p\u00e9n\u00e9trant en Isra\u00ebl afin de commettre des attentats.
Pour revenir \u00e0 la France, confront\u00e9e elle aussi \u00e0 un afflux d\u2019immigr\u00e9s ill\u00e9\u00adgaux sans pr\u00e9c\u00e9dent, les confusions s\u00e9mantiques sont courantes. Afghans, Syriens, Somaliens, Maghr\u00e9bins, Ouest-Africains\u2026 tous sont class\u00e9s dans la cat\u00e9gorie des migrants clandes\u00adtins. Or celui qui fuit la violence, la per\u00ads\u00e9cution ou la guerre est un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 ou un demandeur d\u2019asile, dans le cas o\u00f9 sa requ\u00eate pour obtenir le statut de r\u00e9fu\u00adgi\u00e9 est en cours d\u2019examen. Un migrant, rappellent les sp\u00e9cialistes, est une per\u00adsonne qui vit depuis plus d\u2019un an hors de son pays de nationalit\u00e9.
Une chose est s\u00fbre : personne ne pense \u00e0 traiter d\u2019expatri\u00e9s ces centaines de milliers de gens qui d\u00e9ferlent sur les c\u00f4tes europ\u00e9ennes.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

ENG – Why are white people living abroad called expatriates, while black people who work and live outside of their native countries are defined as immigrants? This ques\u00adtion was put forward by a Togolese businessman in an opinion column published on the Silicon Africa web\u00adsite, and reported by the British dai\u00adly newspaper The Guardian.<\/strong><\/p>\n

But things seem relatively clear. An expatriate, from the Latin ex (out of) and patria (homeland), is someone who has left their country, volunta\u00adrily or otherwise. So what are the origins of the above distinction? Is there a link with the socio-professio\u00adnal status of different people, defi\u00adning expatriates as highly qualified immigrants? Or is it rather based on persisting prejudice? Why are high-ranking African executives living in Europe called immigrants, instead of expatriates?
\u201cImmigrant\u201d is not a dirty word, however. French law defines an im\u00admigrant as someone born abroad but residing in France, which explains the frequent confusion between the terms \u201cimmigrant\u201d and \u201cforei\u00adgner\u201d. If someone is born in France to non-French parents, and refuses French nationality upon reaching the age of majority, they will remain a foreigner but cannot be called an immigrant. However, if someone is born abroad and becomes a French citizen, they are of course no longer a foreigner, but remain an immi\u00adgrant. This is the backdrop to the regular debate surrounding the sen\u00adsitive expression fran\u00e7ais de souche, or \u201cpure French person\u201d. It was ori\u00adginally used in the colonial era to distinguish Europeans from North Africans, but has more recently been taken up by the extreme right wing to set \u201cpure\u201d French people apart from immigrants and descendants of immigrants. It is easy to see how this imaginary ethnic reconstruction threatens national cohesion. And those using the term to political ends seem to have forgotten that a signi\u00adficant number of French people have immigrant ancestors in their family trees. Citizenship is another ambi\u00adguous notion. Being a French citizen traditionally means holding French nationality, but while this is a ne\u00adcessary condition, it is not enough. Citizens must also enjoy the accom\u00adpanying civil and political rights. But the link between nationality and citizenship is disappearing with the growth of the European Union. Since the 1992 Treaty of Maastricht, citizens of one Union State residing in another may take part in local and European elections, and stand for election themselves. In this case, they have the essential elements of citizenship \u2013 voting rights\u2013 without having the nationality of the country in which they vote.
This is how European citizenship becomes a reality, even if there are contrasting situations within the Union. In Latvia, citizenship is re\u00adserved for people who had it before 1940, and their descendants. Rus\u00adsians, Belarusians and Ukrainians who arrived during the Soviet era are therefore excluded. These \u201cnon-citizens\u201d \u2013 as indicated on their passports \u2013 are not allowed to vote, nor are they able to work in cer\u00adtain parts of the civil service. But they can travel to Russia without a visa, which may serve as some small consolation\u2026<\/p>\n

Israel, on the other hand, encourages immigration, on the condition that the migrants are Jewish. Every year several tens of thousands of them take part in Aliyah (\u201cascen\u00adsion\u201d, in Hebrew). African illegal im\u00admigrants are not welcome, however. Some 50,000 Sudanese and Eritrean people are confined to a neighbo\u00adrhood of Tel Aviv by the authorities. Due to insufficient diplomatic rela\u00adtions with Sudan, and the fact that Eritrea has one of the world\u2019s worst dictatorships, they cannot be depor\u00adted. A term that crops up a lot to de\u00adfine these asylum seekers is \u201cinfiltra\u00adtors\u201d, which is the same term used to describe Palestinians who cross the Israeli border to commit attacks.
To bring things back to France, a country also faced with an unpre\u00adcedented influx of illegal immi\u00adgrants, semantic confusions are frequent. Afghans, Syrians, Soma\u00adlians, Maghrebis, West Africans and others are all put into the same category of illegal migrants. Yet se\u00admantically, someone fleeing violence, persecution or war is a \u201crefugee\u201d, or an \u201casylum seeker\u201d if their demand for refugee status is being processed. And as the specialists will remind us, a migrant is a person who has lived for more than one year outside of their country of citizenship.
One thing is sure: no one thinks about using the term \u201cexpatriates\u201d to define the hundreds of thousands of people arriving on European shores.<\/p>\n

[:]<\/p><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

FR – Pourquoi les Blancs \u00e9tablis \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9tranger sont-ils appe\u00adl\u00e9s expatri\u00e9s, alors que les Noirs qui travaillent et vivent en dehors de leur pays sont qualifi\u00e9s d\u2019immigr\u00e9s ? C\u2019est la question que posait il y a quelques semaines un entrepreneur togolais dans une tribune publi\u00e9e sur le site Silicon Africa et reprise par le quotidien […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":26,"featured_media":35854,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[32,46],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-35853","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-culture","category-language"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nIl y a migrant et migrant \/ The migrant migraine - France-Am\u00e9rique<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/france-amerique.com\/fr\/il-y-a-migrant-et-migrant-the-migrant-migraine\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Il y a migrant et migrant \/ The migrant migraine - France-Am\u00e9rique\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"FR – Pourquoi les Blancs \u00e9tablis \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9tranger sont-ils appe\u00adl\u00e9s expatri\u00e9s, alors que les Noirs qui travaillent et vivent en dehors de leur pays sont qualifi\u00e9s d\u2019immigr\u00e9s ? 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